[DRAFT - pending more precise examination, definitions and context]

Blue light emissions have been observed in various forms and circumstances in the night sky and care is needed to distinguish GBRs. There appears to be little formal identification or classification of various blue rays so the following 'placeholder' names are proposed for the purposes of mid-latitude observations and GBR study. 'Aurora band' references the area of the aurora in the night sky where the aurora is usually observed and differs with latitude of observation..

Blue rays (under definition)

• Inline Blue Rays (IBRs) – appear within aurora band in the sky among of typical rays, or part thereof.
• Blue Top Rays (BTRs) - appear within aurora band as upper colour change in typical rays; especially at dawn or dusk; may also appear rearward, especially during summer.
• Tall Blue Ray (TBRs) – appear significantly above usual aurora band; either end especially at dawn or dusk; also more centrally, depending on viewpoint, and rearward, especially during summer; similar slenderness and tilt to typical rays.
• Giant Blue Rays (GBRs) – appear exceptionally high above aurora band; broader and more independently with varying tilt, mobile within pole-ward view; usually when aurora subsides.

Causation

Blue emissions are understood to be the effect of various gases present in the atmosphere and energetic particles from sunlight, solar wind, etc. Certain molecules and atoms absorb particle energy and re-emit it as light and heat. This can occur during both day and night processes, such as airglow or during solar wind storms, which create auroras. While nitrogen molecules (N2) are commonly associated with blue light emissions,

Oxygen, primarily known for producing green and red colors, can also emit blue light when its atoms recombine to form molecular oxygen (O2) during relaxation. Additionally, hydrogen and helium can contribute to blue light emissions, primarily through atomic processes and plasma discharges. 

Gases are identified by variations in the color they emit. However it's important to note that SAR arcs, airglow, light scattering, etc.and even moonlight can influence the colors observed through the atmosphere,

Atmospheric gases are very rare where the GBR reaches raising questions about the cause of GBR light emissions, hence motivating this study.

[Michael  Hunnekuhl explanation and results to go here]

Studying Night Sky Light Emission Events: A Structured Research Process

Introduction

This document outlines a comprehensive and structured process for studying night sky light emission events in a scientific manner. The process emphasizes reliable and consistent data collection, analysis, and interpretation to advance our understanding of these phenomena.

Overall Process

The research will unfold in two potential stages, with the first stage likely taking several months.

Stage 1: Documentation and Determination of Observations

Focuses on gathering and classifying observations of night sky light emission events.

Stage 2 (Potential): Determination of Causation and Mechanisms Involved

Aims to identify the causes and mechanisms behind the observed phenomena.

Detailed Steps

1.    Project Overview and Planning

Define the overall research process, potential stages, scope, objectives, and expected outcomes.

2.    Literature Review and Background Research

Conduct a thorough review of relevant scientific literature to:

·         Compile a bibliography of existing research on night sky phenomena.

·         Identify knowledge gaps and potential areas for contribution.

3.    Resource Planning and Acquisition

Explore potential funding sources (grants, crowdfunding, institutional support).

Allocate resources for eg:

·         Data storage

·         Computing power

·         Software tools

·         Equipment

·         Website development and maintenance

Consider involving experts in relevant fields to support the project.

4.    Collaboration and Network Building

Establish collaborations with:

·         Scientific organizations

·         Research institutions

·         Amateur astronomy groups

Build a network of contributors and observers across different geographic regions.

Participate in relevant conferences, workshops, joint projects, and data exchanges to connect with other researchers and interest groups.

5.    Website Development

Develop a dedicated website to facilitate citizen science and collaboration. The website should:

·         Include features for observation submission, data collection, training materials, interactive tools, communication channels, news updates, and integration with existing platforms or databases.

·         Ensure accessibility, user-friendliness, and responsiveness across devices.

·         Implement data security and privacy measures for contributor information.

o   Secure databases

o   Access rights for collaborators

o   Potential for publicly sharing anonymized data

·         Evolve as a centralized database to store and share:

o   Observation reports

o   Measurements

o   Analysis results

·         Act as a standard source of research information.

·         Establish a process for website maintenance and updates, including responsibilities for content management and technical support.

·         Incorporate feedback mechanisms to gather user input and improve usability.

·         Consider potential use as a repository and future archive.

·         Include interactive features for citizen scientists and educators.

6.    Citizen Science Engagement and Outreach

Develop strategies to engage and motivate citizen scientists. This may include:

·         Exemplary projects to inspire and guide engagement activities (e.g., STEVE).

·         Reward or recognition systems.

·         Regular updates, newsletters, or social media channels to keep contributors informed.

·         Educational materials, workshops, or presentations to raise awareness and promote scientific literacy.

·         Collaboration with educational institutions or science museums for educational programs or exhibits.

·         Utilizing website for citizen science engagement and community building.

7.    Parameterization and Templating for Observations and Events

Provide a convenient standardized observation template for contributors to report their observations consistently. The template should:

·         Accommodate any conceivable night sky phenomena.

·         Include clear instructions or examples for completing each section.

·         Cover aspects like:

o    Observation details (date, time, location, hemisphere, season, observer proximity, etc.)

o    Possible emission phenomena (type, position relative to auroral oval)

o    Appearance and morphology (structure, dimensions, color, brightness, movement, evolution)

o    Relationship to auroras and other phenomena

o    Environmental conditions (moon phase, sky conditions, space weather)

·         Refine and update the templates based on feedback and evolving research needs.

·         Establish standard formats for reporting observations, measurements, and interpretations.

·         Implement an internal review process to identify inconsistencies or incomplete reports.

8.    Observation Collection and Submission

·         Establish procedures and implement data quality control and logging measures.

·         Provide contributors with channels (e.g., online forms, email, mobile app) to submit their observations, along with any supporting media (images, videos, timelapse).

·         Offer training materials, tutorials, and guidelines for contributors.

·         Encourage contributors to submit observations according to the established parameter templates and to agree to public use, study, and possible co-authorship.

·         Collect images, metadata, and complete co-author information (names, contact details).

9.    Observation Assessment Validation

·         Assemble a team of experts from relevant fields (atmospheric physics, astronomy, space weather) to review and assess the submitted observations. The experts will evaluate the credibility, validity, and potential contribution of each observation to refining existing theories.

·         Establish criteria for determining if an observation warrants further study. These criteria may include:

o    Consistency with known phenomena (auroras, airglow, etc.)

o    Corroboration from multiple observers or locations, enhancing reliability.

o    Availability of high-quality media (images, videos) or detailed data, facilitating in-depth analysis.

o    Alignment with current scientific understanding or potential for uncovering new discoveries.

·         Develop guidelines for resolving discrepancies or uncertainties in observation reports. This may involve contacting the observer for clarification, consulting with other experts, or seeking additional data.

10. Study Candidate Assessment and Prioritization

·         Review submitted observations and classify them based on pre-defined categories, such as type of phenomena observed, location, and time.

·         Develop characteristic criteria and weighting factors for selecting study candidates. These factors may include:

o    Consistency with known phenomena (similar to assessment criteria).

o    Corroboration from multiple observers or locations, increasing significance.

o    Availability of high-quality media/data, enabling more comprehensive analysis.

o    Alignment with current scientific understanding or potential for new discoveries, prioritizing potentially groundbreaking observations.

·         Consider a formal scoring system or decision-making framework to facilitate the prioritization process. This framework would combine the aforementioned criteria to objectively rank observations for further investigation.

11. Standardized Measurement and Data Collection

·         In development: This section will specify the methods and protocols for conducting measurements and collecting data to ensure consistency and reproducibility across observations. It will address potential challenges or limitations associated with data collection, such as equipment calibration or environmental variability. For observations deemed worthy of further study, the following will be conducted:

o    Measurements of key parameters relevant to the observed phenomena.

o    Gathering of relevant data from various sources, including existing databases and ongoing space weather monitoring.

12. Data Analysis and Processing

·         Describe the process for data analysis and processing, including the software tools and algorithms used.

·         Provide guidance on how to interpret and validate analysis results to ensure their accuracy and reliability.

·         Specific steps will involve:

o    Assembling, reviewing, assessing, and classifying submitted observations.

o    Utilizing established parameters for consistent characterization and evaluation, documenting and reporting findings.

o    Conducting measurements and quantitative analysis of prioritized observations.

o    Comparing observations with existing data and applying statistical methods to identify correlations between different variables.

o    Cataloging and analyzing images for detailed event description and discovery of potential patterns.

13. Modeling and Interpretation

·         Develop and conduct mathematical and graphical methods for measurement and modeling of the observed phenomena.

·         Based on the collected data and measurements, develop models that can help us understand these phenomena. Potential models may include:

o    Atmospheric chemistry and physics models

o    Magnetospheric and ionospheric models

o    Solar wind and interplanetary medium models

·         Simulate the behavior and characteristics of night sky light emission events based on collected data.

·         Interpret the observations in the context of existing scientific knowledge and theories, considering potential causes, effects, and mechanisms. This involves:

o    Assembling and analyzing all collected data.

o    Clarifying the assumptions and limitations of the models used for interpreting observational data.

o    Discussing potential sources of uncertainty in model predictions and their implications for interpretation.

14. Hypothesis Development and Theory Exploration

·         Based on observations, measurements, and comparisons, formulate testable and falsifiable hypotheses about the causes of observed phenomena.

·         Develop a list of potential natural phenomena and mechanisms that could explain the observed characteristics.

·         Research how these phenomena and mechanisms might explain the observed characteristics of the night sky light emission events.

·         Explore alignment with existing scientific theories and how observations and hypotheses fit within the current understanding.

·         Consider possible interactions with other celestial phenomena such as auroras, solar activity, and atmospheric conditions.

·         Investigate potential cause-and-effect relationships between observed phenomena and external factors.

·         Build theoretical frameworks to describe the physical processes underlying night sky light emission events.

·         Utilize statistical methods to test correlations between different variables and events associated with the observations.

·         Refine and update existing theories or develop new theories based on the collected evidence and interpretations.

·         Identify areas requiring further investigation or data collection to strengthen the research.

·         If necessary, identify the need for entirely new theoretical frameworks to explain the observations.

15. Potential Causes/Effects and Mechanisms to Consider:

·         Research potential mechanisms for each phenomenon and how they might explain the observed characteristics.

·         Develop a list of potential natural phenomena that could cause night sky light emission events, including:

o    Auroral substorm processes and dynamics (related to the magnetosphere)

o    Auroras (different types, each with specific characteristics)

o    Airglow (atmospheric luminescence from various chemical reactions)

o    Interaction between solar wind and Earth's magnetosphere (plays a crucial role in auroras and airglow)

o    Atmospheric chemistry and airglow reactions (specific chemical processes causing different airglow emissions)

o    Scattering and refraction of light in the upper atmosphere (can affect the appearance of celestial objects)

o    Interplanetary dust and cosmic light sources (faint but detectable under dark sky conditions)

o    Meteors and bolides (fireballs) - brief but bright light streaks

o    Man-made sources (satellites, rocket launches) - often with specific movement patterns

o    New, unidentified phenomena (e.g., Giant Blue Rays) - requiring further investigation.

16. Reporting and Documentation

·         Develop standardized report templates for consistent documentation of research findings. These templates should ensure clear and concise reporting across observations.

·         Develop guidelines for preparing and formatting reports, including citation style and referencing conventions. This ensures consistency and facilitates navigation within reports.

·         Use consistent formatting and terminology across reports for better readability.

·         Compile findings into comprehensive reports using standardized templates. These reports will serve as a central record of the research.

·         Include detailed descriptions of observations, measurements, interpretations, and formulated hypotheses. Provide a clear narrative of the research process and its outcomes.

·         Provide evidence-based conclusions regarding the nature, characteristics, and potential causes of night sky light emission events. Draw connections between observations, analysis, and interpretations.

·         Discuss the implications of the study results and recommendations for further research. Highlight the significance of the findings and propose future directions for investigation.

·         Include sections for:

·         Observation summary (date, location, event type) - Basic details about the observation.

·         Contributor details (optional, anonymized) - Acknowledge the contribution of citizen scientists while protecting their privacy.

·         Detailed observation descriptions (including sketches/images) - Provide a rich description of the observed phenomenon.

·         Measurements and analysis - Present the quantitative data collected and the analysis conducted.

·         Hypothesis and discussion of potential causes - Outline the formulated hypotheses and explore potential explanations for the observations.

·         Data limitations and future research directions - Acknowledge limitations in the data and propose areas for further investigation.

·         Consider publishing reports in scientific journals or citizen science platforms to share knowledge with the broader scientific community

·         Specify requirements for data archiving and accessibility to promote transparency and reproducibility. This ensures the research is verifiable and can be built upon by future studies.

·         Archive raw data (contributor reports, images) and final reports for future reference and collaboration. Preserve the data for future analysis and verification.

17. Texts and Visualizations

·         Present data and findings clearly and effectively using text and visualizations. This allows for clear communication of complex scientific information to a broad audience.

·         Archive raw data and final reports as outlined in Section 15.

·         Consider publishing reports in scientific journals or citizen science platforms to share knowledge with the broader scientific community. Dissemination of findings is crucial for advancing scientific understanding.

·         Set out authorship and acknowledgments. Clearly identify those who contributed to the research.

18. Manuscript Preparation and publication in scientific journals or citizen science platforms, conference proceedings, or online repositories, etc:

·         Draft manuscript introducing research.

·         Present methods, results, and conclusions.

·         List all contributor co-authors.

Submission

·         Identify target open access journals.

·         Review author guidelines thoroughly.

·         Submit manuscript and supplemental data.

Peer review process.

·         Address reviewer comments and make revisions.

·         Make edits, additions, or clarifications requested

·         Resubmit revised manuscript.

Acceptance:

·         Journal formally accepts paper for publication.

·         Authors complete any final pre-publication steps.

Publication:

·         Manuscript goes through production editing.

·         Authors review final article proofs.

·         Paper published open access in journal.

 

19. Resources, Data Sources, and Bibliography

·         Maintain a bibliography of relevant and reputable scientific literature, research papers, and datasets for reference and citation. This ensures a strong foundation for the research and facilitates future exploration of the topic.

·         Research relevant scientific literature on night sky phenomena, atmospheric science, and citizen science methodologies. Stay up-to-date with current research and best practices.

·         Evaluate the quality and reliability of the literature sources reviewed. Critically assess the information used to ensure its validity and credibility.

·         Provide access to online resources, data sources, and references used in the investigation. This promotes transparency and allows for verification of the research process. Here are some valuable resources to consider:

o    NASA's Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb): Provides space weather and geophysical data.

o    World Data Center for Geomagnetism (Kyoto): Offers geomagnetic data and indices.

o    Auroral Planetary Imaging and Geophysics (APIG): Shares auroral observations and research findings.

o    International Auroral Atlas: Provides access to auroral catalogs and databases.

o    Relevant scientific journals (e.g., Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical Research Letters, Annales Geophysicae): Publish cutting-edge research on atmospheric and space sciences.

o    Textbooks on atmospheric physics, auroral science, and space weather: Offer foundational knowledge on relevant scientific concepts.

o    Citizen science platforms for night sky observations: Facilitate collaboration and data collection from citizen scientists.

o    Space weather forecasting websites: Provide real-time data and forecasts on space weather conditions.

o    Astronomical databases and software tools: Support data analysis and visualization.

o    Educational resources on night sky phenomena: Enhance public understanding of these fascinating events.

o    Citizen science resources:

§  https://www.zooniverse.org/projects?discipline=astronomy

§  https://participatorysciences.org/

·         Create a glossary to define key terms used in the research project. This will improve accessibility and understanding for a broad audience.

20. Iterative Refinement and Continuous Improvement

·         Implement a process for regularly reviewing and refining data collection methods, analysis techniques, and reporting templates. As the project progresses, adapt and improve these aspects based on experience and feedback.

·         Continuously update the list of potential phenomena and mechanisms as new observations or theories emerge. Stay current with the latest scientific discoveries and incorporate them into the research framework.

·         Adapt the approach and methodologies as the project progresses and new challenges or opportunities arise. Be flexible and responsive to changing circumstances to optimize the research process.

·         Continuously improve and update the website based on user feedback and evolving needs. The website should serve as a dynamic platform for citizen science engagement and knowledge sharing.

21. Ethical Considerations

·         Develop clear guidelines for handling and protecting contributor data, ensuring privacy and anonymity.

·         Respect the privacy of citizen scientists who contribute observations.

·         This may involve anonymizing data before sharing and obtaining informed consent from contributors.

·         Address potential biases or conflicts of interest in data collection, analysis, or reporting. This may involve establishing clear procedures for data handling and authorship. Acknowledge any potential biases and take steps to mitigate them.

·         Obtain necessary permissions or licenses for using third-party data sources or proprietary software tools. Respect intellectual property rights and follow proper procedures for data access.

·         Develop protocols for handling sensitive information and resolving ethical dilemmas that may arise during the research process. Establish clear guidelines for handling sensitive data and addressing any ethical issues that may occur.

22. Management and Leadership

·         Establish leadership styles and methods suitable for a citizen science project. This may involve a balance between expert guidance and volunteer participation. Foster a collaborative environment where everyone feels valued and empowered to contribute.

·         Clarify the roles and responsibilities of collaborators and contributors within the project structure. Ensure everyone understands their role and how they contribute to the overall goals.

23. Risk Assessment and Contingency Planning

·         Identify potential challenges or setbacks during the project, such as:

o    Low participation rates in citizen science

o    Data quality issues

o    Difficulty in securing funding

o    Delays in website development or data analysis

·         Develop contingency plans to address these potential challenges and ensure project continuity. These plans may involve alternative recruitment strategies, data validation protocols, diversified funding sources, and adaptable development timelines.

24. Conclusion

This document has outlined a comprehensive and structured process for studying night sky light emission events. By implementing this framework and fostering a collaborative citizen science approach, we aim to make significant contributions to our understanding of these fascinating phenomena. We invite you to join us in this exciting journey of discovery!

25. Next Steps

·         Stay tuned for updates on the project's progress through this website and our social media channels.

·         If you're interested in participating as a citizen scientist, please visit the "Citizen Science Engagement" section to learn more about how you can contribute.

·         We welcome feedback and suggestions. Please feel free to contact us through the website's contact form.

26. Additional Resources

·         Citizen Science Association: https://participatorysciences.org/

·         Zooniverse: https://www.zooniverse.org/

·         NASA's Coordinated Data Analysis Web (CDAWeb): https://cdaweb.gsfc.nasa.gov/

·         World Data Center for Geomagnetism (Kyoto): https://iigm.res.in/

·         Relevant Scientific Journals (e.g., Journal of Geophysical Research, Geophysical Research Letters, Annales Geophysicae)

·         Textbooks on Atmospheric Physics, Auroral Science, and Space Weather

Glossary (to be populated with definitions of key terms)

This website is being developed in stages, currently for GBR study purposes and potentially other night sky phenomena
Public use

• Support submissions
• Support reporting to contributors
• Interest night sky enthusiasts
• Encourage citizen science participation
• Promote role and credibility of study group

Scientific use

• Media reference/resources eg: back story, broader information, etc

Study Group private use

• Collate and assess observation images and data
• Serve as a standard narrative for accurate/consistent communications
• Identify and describe GBR and events
• Interest scientific professionals
• Facilitate research
• Reference material and repositories
• Collate measurements, correlations, etc.
• Collate interpretations and results
• Record work on establishing phenomena/causation
• Support publications
• Broaden use for other types of observations